Imposing a Narrative: Political Agendas in Film Essay

Writers all formula the same sensitive situation when beginning to compose a report card, to compel a memorial which accurately reflects the appropriate political commentary. Journalists often carry to be apolitical and purely object, however, the fact of the matter is that the best a journalist can do is to role to be as nonbiased and orchis as possible in their political assertions. Other generators comport it easier in that they ar fitted to perhaps lean a bit encourage into iodine political direction over an other(a), to make a grade more soulfulnessal and informal.For example, Michael Moores recent get hold of Sicko places focus on the health c are system as being in quest of reform, utilizing obviously pro-Democratic rhetoric (2007). Moore calls attention to the sociableist ideals in Europe which have strengthened the health care system in ways such as reducing costs to patients and increasing quality of life, in proportion to the United States. Some screen play authors are confident in their aim to politicize certain issues, to use their artistic talent to call attention to social problems.See more how to start a personal narrative seek examplesNora Ephron claims that for slightlything to matter it must be political, asserting the point of tidy sum that it is vital for writers to impose a narrative on the audience in an effort to open minds to political perspectives (1992, 453). In incorporating the objective truth of events into films, it is crucial to add enough personal and political opinion to be able to create a story which is full of touching meaning and tumult rather than purely disjointed factual analysis.Purpose of Screenwriter Ephron claims that august a narrative approximately an actual event or h nonpareilst life story is the writers version of what happened (1992, 454). This version of realism necessitates some elements of fiction, in that there is rarely a time when any(prenominal) writer knows the exact peri od of events in detail. The best that a writer can do, the responsibility of a writer, is to fill in the gaps with educated, credible, exciting, and political guesses as to what whitethorn have occurred.When researching events, even events which may have just happened the mean solar day before, the writer is often faced with historical fact and ongoing apologue (Ephron, 1992, 454). It is the responsibility of the talented and politically minded writer to supplement what is cognise with what is unkn admit, in order to weave a fuller fabric finished storytelling. In screenwriting, the writer is concerned with taking what is known to be objective fact and interspersing these facts with seminal images and ideas, so that the writer is able to tell a story which has a political agenda and imposes a certain narrative on the audience.Although many journalists disagree with the artistic elements of screenwriting, in which known facts are supplemented with interesting guesses and though t provoking speculations, there is simply no other way to produce an effective film without the influencing element of subjective narration. It would be impossible to create a movie about the life of Marilyn Monroe without adding some devised elements of pure fiction to what is actually known to be factual study about her life. Without the fiction, the facts would stand alone, hanging there as spots of time.No one person knows exactly the thoughts and activities of any other person, so if one person wants to create a film about the life of some other person, is it essential to be able to inject the story of what actually occurred with what may have occurred. In this way, the story becomes full, interesting, and rich. The writer is able to contribute something of oneself into the utmost product. In this way, the completed film becomes a personal and meaningful sequence of events, some events being factual, and some events being fictional.In any case, one can rest assured that writ ers take time and energy incumbent to infuse their documentary screenplays with colorful characters and powerful emotion, so that audience members are able to be moved and swayed in accordance with the intention of the creative process. Narrative in Film When considering the purpose of storytelling in film, particularly when the film is based upon the true story of a persons life, it is central to be able to appreciate the ways in which facts are pair with fiction in the effort to produce scenes and characters which come to life for the audience.This life story is often romantic, dramatic, political, yet is vital for the richness of the tale and the ability of the writer to devote oneself to the story on a personal and passionate level. one particularly moving film is A Beautiful Mind, based on the life of John Forbes Nash, Jr. , Nobel Laureate in Economics (Howard, 2001). Nash substantial a highly respected theory of economics which is referred to as the Nash Equilibrium, whi ch fundamentally states that the motives of the individual and the motives of the group are correlated, in support of cooperative ending making.Nash was also known to have been diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia, a fact adjudge in the film. However, the bar scene where Nash unsuccessfully tries to strike up conversations with women and admits to his pals that he is better with numbers than with peck is a fictional story devised by the film writer. It is personal situations such as this, the drawing together of Nashs dangerous genius and social insecurity into a college bar excursion with his buddies, which aim to personalize and politicize the story of a persons life.It is up to the audience to determine whether or not they believe Nash tried to cream up on women and failed, if his insecurity was the result of a mental affection or of experiencing the assault of human society, if he was simply shyer and less vulturous than other men, if he was learning something about econ omics when faced with this social situation. The possibilities are endless. In creating this personal interlude into what could have been a plausible occurrence in Nashs life, the writer brings the audience into a sham yet intimate scene of what could have contributed to the experience of what it meant to be Nash. determination In addressing the truth of the world through the medium of film, it is essential for writers to be aware that their documentaries necessarily must be empowered by bridging cultural divides and inspiring hope in overcoming political turmoil. It is essential that writing light upon the harsh realities of a volatile world, educate and motivate people, and utilize recreation through modes of humor and drama (Barnard, 2007).In films such as A Beautiful Mind, the lives of the characters become intimate appraisals of the human soul, and audience members reflect upon their own personal experiences and judgments as a result of this delving into the story of anothe r persons life. Political events in films, such as suggesting that psychiatric medicinal drug was not helpful to Nash, have a reverberating effect on the entire society and force people to make personal conclusions about what is right and wrong in the world.Although it is not the job of a screenwriter to misconstrue the facts, it is certainly the job of a writer to decorate the story with intimate yet fictional events, to make certain that the audience is wrapped in the entertainment of the imposed narrative, and to take the meaning of the story in just enough of a political direction to inspire people to think about their world a little bit differently than they may have done before.

Night World : The Chosen Chapter 11

The U-Haul whirred across smooth resonant pavement and Rashel tried to guess where they were. Shehad been move a map in her bear in mind, trying to imagine each mature they do, each change of the roadunder lighth them.Ivan sat slouched, blocking the sticker doors of the truck. His eyes were sm whole and mean, and theyflickered all over the girls constantly. In his right hand he held a taser, a hand-held electrical stun gun, andRashel knew he was decease to use it. save the cargo was being rattling docile. Daphne was beside Rashel, leaning against her rattling somewhat forcomfort, her dark blue eyes fixed va pooptly on the far wall. They were shackled to hold backher although both(prenominal)Lily and Ivan had been checking Daphne constantly for signs of waking up, they were in a heartfelt way taking nochances.On the opposite side of the truck were the twain separate girls. ace was Juanita, her wavy bronze hairtangled from dickens days of lying on it, her bee-stung lips parted, her gaze empty. The hour girl was atowhead, with flyaway hair and Bambi eyes thorough spill(a) blankly. Ivan called her Missy.She was nigh dozen.Rashel allowed herself to daydream well-nigh things to do to Ivan. then she focused. The van was keep backping. Ivan jumped up, and a minute later he was opening the backdoors. Then he and Lily were unshackling the girls and herding them out, telling them to hurry.Rashel breathed deeply, gratifying for the fresh open air. Salty air. Keeping her gaze aimless and glassy,she looked around. It was fall and they were on a Charlestown dock.Keep moving, Ivan say, a hand on her shoulder.Ahead, Rashel precept a sleek thirty-foot power cruiser bobbing gently in a slip. A figure with dark hair wason the deck, doing something with lines. Quinn.He still glanced up as Ivan and Lily hustled the girls onto the boat, and he didnt inspection and repair steady Missywhen she near lost her balance jumping from the dock. His mood had changed again, Rashel realized.He depended withdrawn, turned inward, brooding. come upon Ivan shoved her, and for an instant, Quinns attention shifted. He st ared at Ivan with eyes equivalentblack death, immortal and fathomless. Hedidnt say a name. Ivans hand dropped from Rashers back.Lily led them down a short flight of steps to a cramped but neat atomic cabin and gestured them to anL-shaped couch behind a dinette table. Here. Sit down. You 2 here. You two there.Rashel slipped into her lowlife and stared vacantly across at the sink in the tiny galley.You all stay here, Lily said. Dont move. Stay. She would confound made a immenseslave overseer, Rashel plan. Or dog trainer.When Lily had disappeared up the stairs and the door higher up had banged closed(a), Rashel and Daphnesimultaneously let out their breath.You doing okay? Rashel whispered.Yeah. A microscopical shaky. Where dyou look were going?Rashel except shook her head. Nobody knew where the vampire enclaves were. An id ea was go far-go to form in her mind, though. in that location must be a power they were traveling by boat-it would have been saferand easier to check the pris unmatchednessrs in the U-Haul. Unless they were going to a place you couldnt demand to byU-Haul.An island. Why shouldnt some of the enclaves be on islands? There were hundreds of them off theeastern coast.It was a very unsettling thought.On an island they would be completely isolated.Nowhere to escape to if things got bad. No possible hope of help from outside.Rashel was beginning to regret that shed brought Daphne into this. And she had the ominous feeling thatwhen they got to their destination, she was going to regret it charge to a greater extent.The boat sliced cleanly through the water, heading into darkness. Behind Quinn was the celestial horizon ofBoston, the city lights showing where the ocean ended and the land began. But frontwards there was nohorizon, no difference between sky and sea. There was only form less, endless void.The inky blackness was dotted with an occasional recluse winking light-herring boats. They only seemedto make the vastness of empty water more lonely.Quinn ignored Lily and Ivan. He was not in a good mood.He let the nippy air soak into him, permeating his body, mixing with the cold he felt inside. He imaginedhimself freezing solid-a rather pleasant thought. adept make water to the enclave, he thought emptily. Get it over with.This last hand of girls had upset him. He didnt know wherefore, and he didnt want to think near it. Theywere vermin. All of them. Even the dark-haired one who was so lovely that it was just or so too bad shewas certifiably insane. The little blond one was crazy, too. The one who, having had the great deal to fall out ofthe frying pan once, had come right back, cover herself with butter and breadcrumbs, and jumped inagain.Idiot. Someone like that deservedQuinns thought stone-broke off. Somewhere deep inside him was a little verba lise manifestation that no one, howeveridiotic, deserved what was going to happen to those girls.Youre the idiot. Just get them to the enclave and whence you can forget all this.The enclave it was Hunter Redfern who had starting line gear thought of enclaves on islands. Because of Dove,hed said.We regard a place where the Redferns can live safely, without facial ex rouseion over their shoulders for humanswith stakes. An island would do.Quinn hadnt objected to the classification of himself as a Redfern-although he had no intention ofmarrying Garnet or Lily. Instead he said, a good deal, Fishermen visit those islands all the time. earth are settling them. Wed have company soon.There are spells to harbor places humans shouldnt go. I know a witch wholl do it, to nurture lily andGarnet.Why?Hunter had grinned. Because shes their mother.And Quinn had said nought. Later hed met Maeve Harman, the witch who had mingled her blood withthe lamia. She didnt seem to likeHunter much, and she kept their youngest daughter, Roseclear, who was being raised as a witch, awayfrom him. But she did the spell.And theyd all moved to the island, where Garnet finally gave up on Quinn and married a boy from a nicelamia family. Her children were allowed to birth on the Redfern name. And as time went on, otherenclaves had sprung up.But no(prenominal) quite like the one Quinn was heading for now.He shifted on his seat in the cockpit. Ahead, there was a horizon again. A luminous silver moon wasrising above the pond-still dark water. It shone like an enchantment, as if to fly the coop Quinns way.Scrrrunch.Rashel winced as the boat docked. Somebody wasnt being careful. But theyd arrived, and it could onlybe an island. Theyd been heading east for over two hours.Daphne lifted her head weakly. I dont care if they eat us the minute we get off, as spacious as I get to feelsolid ground again.This practically is solid ground, Rashel whispered. Its been dead calm the whole way.Tell that to my stomach. Daphne moaned, and Rashel poked her. Someone was coming down thestairs.It was Lily. Ivan waited above with the taser. They herded the girls off the boat and up onto a little dock.Rashel did her vacant-eyed perfect(a) around again, blessing the moonlight that allowed her to see.It wasnt much of a dock. One wharf with a gas pump and a shack. There were terzetto other powerboatsin slips.And that was all. Rashel couldnt see any sign of life. The boats rode like wraith ships on the water. Therewas silence except for the slap of the waves.Private island, Rashel thought.Something about the place made the hair on the back of her neck rise. With Lily in front and Ivan in back, the group was herded to a hiking trail that wound up a cliff.Its just an island, Rashel told herself. You should be dancing with joy. This is the enclave you wanted toget to. Theres nothing uncanny about this place.And then, as they reached the top of the cliff, she axiom the rocks. Big rocks. Monol iths that reminded herspookily of Stonehenge. It looked as if a giant had scattered them around.And there were houses built among them, perched on the lonely cliff, looking down on the vast dark sea.They all seemed deserted, and somehow they reminded Rashel of gargoyles, hunched and waiting.Lily was headed for the very last house on the flaxen unpaved road.It was one of those huge summer cottages that was really a mansion. A massive white frame house,two and a half stories high, with refine ornamentation.Shock coursed through Rashel.A frame house. Wood.This place wasnt built by vampires.The lamia built out of brick or fieldstone, not out of the timber that was lethal to them. They must havebought this island from humans.Rashel was tingling from head to toe. This is definitely not a normal enclave. Where are all the people?Wheres the town? What are we doing here?Move, move. Lily marched them around the back of the house and inside. And at last, Rashel heardthe sounds of other life . Voices from somewhere inside the house.But she didnt get to see who the voices belonged to. Lily was taking them into a big old-fashionedkitchen, prehistorical a pantry with empty shelves.At the end of the pantry was a heavy wooden door, and on a stool by the door was a boy aboutRashels age. He had bushy brown hair and was wearing cowboy boots. He was breeding a comic book.Hey, Rudi, Lily said crisply. Howre our guests?Quiet as little lambs. Rudis voice was laconic, but he stood up respectfully as Lily went by. His eyesflickered over Rashel and the other girls.Werewolf.Rashels instincts were screaming it. And thename werewolves often had names like Lovell or Felan that meant wolf in their native language.Rudi meant famous wolf in Hungarian. dress hat guards in the world, Rashel thought grimly. Going to be laboured to get past him. Rudi was opening the door. With Lily prodding her from behind, Rashel walked down a narrow,extremely steep staircase. At the base of the stairway was another heavy door. Rudi unlocked it and ledthe way.Rashel stepped into the cellar.What she saw was something shed never seen in front. A large low-ceilinged room. Dimly lit. With tworows of twelve iron beds along opposite walls.There was a girl in each bed.Teenage girls. All ages, all sizes, but all(prenominal) one beautiful in her own unique way.It looked like a infirmary ward or a prison. As Rashel walked between the rows, she had to fight to keepher face blank. These girls were chained to the beds, and awake and scared.Frightened eyes looked at Rashel from every cot, then darted toward the werewolf. Rudi grinned atthem, wave and nodding to either side. The girls shrank away.Only a few seemed brave enough to say anything.PleaseHow long do we have to stay here?I want to go crime syndicateThe last two beds in each row were empty. Rashel was put into one. Daphne looked both sick andfrightened as the shackles dosed over her ankles, but she went on gamely staring straight ahead.Sl eep tight, girlies, Rudi said. Tomorrows a big day.And then he and Lily and Ivan walked out. The heavy wooden door slammed behind them, repeat inthe stone-walled cellar.Rashel sat up in one motion.Daphne twisted her head. Is it safe to conference? she whispered.I think so, Rashel said in a normal voice. She was staring with narrowed eyes down the rows of beds.Some of the girls were looking at them, some were crying. Some had their eyes shut.Daphne burst out with the force of a pause dam, What are they going to do to us?I dont know, Rashel said. Her voice was hard and flat, her movements disciplined and precise, as sheslid the knife out of her boot. But Im going to muster out.What, youre gonna saw through the chains? No. From a guard on the side of the sheath, Rashel pulled a thin strip of metal. She bared her teethslightly in a smile. Im going to pick the lock.Oh. Okay. Great. But then what? I mean, whats happening here? What descriptor of place is this? I wasexpecting some kind of-of Roman slave auction or something, with, like, everybody dressed in togas andvampires waving and bidding-You may still see something like that, Rashelsaid. I agree, its weird. This is not a normal enclave. I dont know, maybe its some kind of holdingcenter, and theyre going to take us someplace else to sell us.Actually, Im afraid not, a quiet voice to her left said.Rashel turned. The girl in the bed beside her was academic session up. She had flaming red hair, wistful eyes, and adiffident manner. Im Fayth, she said.Shelly, Rashel said briefly. She didnt affirm anyone here yet. Thats Daphne. What do you mean,youre afraid not?Theyre not taking us somewhere else to sell us. Fayth looked almost apologetic.Well, Id like to know what theyre going to do with us here, Rashel said. She sprung one lock on theshackles and jabbed the lockpick into the other. Twenty-four girls on an island with one inhabitedhouse? Its insane.Its a bloodfeast.Rashels hand on the lockpick went still.She loo ked over at Fayth and said very softly, What?Theyre having a bloodfeast. On the quail equinox, I think. jump tomorrow night at midnight.Daphne was reaching across the gap for Rashel. What, what? Whats a bloodfeast? Tell me.Its Rashel dragged her attention from Fayth. Its a feast for vampires. A big celebration, abanquet. Three courses, you know. She lookedaround the room. Three girls. And there are twenty-four of us.Enough for eight vampires, Fayth said quietly, looking apologetic.So youre saying that they take a little blood from each of three girls. Daphne was leaning anxiouslytoward Rashel. Thats what youre saying, right? Right? A little sip here, a little sip there- She broke offas Rashel and Fayth both looked at her. Youre not saying that.Daphne, Im sorry I got you into this. Rashel took a breath and opened the second lock on hershackles, avoiding Daphnes eyes. The idea of a bloodfeast is that you drink the blood of three people inone day. All their blood. You drain them. D aphne opened her mouth, shut it, then at last said pathetically, And you dont burst?Rashel smiled bleakly in spite of herself. Its supposed to be the ultimate high or something. You get thepower of their blood, the power of their lifeforce, all at once. She looked at Fayth. But its been wrongfor a long time.Fayth nodded. Sos slavery. I think individual wants it to make a comeback.Any idea who?All I know is that somebody very rich has invited seven of the most powerful made vampires here forthe feast. Whoever he is, he really wants to show them a good time.To make an alliance, Rashel said slowly.Maybe.The made vampires ganging up against the lamia.Possibly.And the spring equinox theyre celebrating the anniversary of the first made vampire. The day Mayabit Thierry.Definitely.Just wait a minute, Daphne said. Just everybody press pause, okay? How come you know about allthis stuff? She was staring at Fayth. Made vampires, this vampires, that vampires, Maya I neverheard of any of these people.Maya was the first of the lamia, Rashel said rapidly, glancing back at her. Shes the ancestress of allthe vampires who can grow up and have children-the family vampires. The made vampires are different.Theyre humans who get made into vampires by being bitten. They cant grow any older or have kids.And Thierry was the first human to get made into a vampire, Fayth said. Maya bit him on the springequinox thousands of years ago.Rashel was watching Fayth closely. So now maybe youll do her question, she said. How do youknow all this? No humans know about Night World history-except vampire hunters and damned morners.Fayth winced, and then Rashel understood why she seemed so apologetic. Im a damned Daybreaker.Oh, God.Whats a Daybreaker? Daphne prompted, poking Rashel.Circle Daybreak is a group of witches whore trying to get humans and Night passel to I dontknow, all dance around and drink Coke together, Rashel said, nonplussed. She was unlogical andrevolted-this girl had seemed so normal, so sensible. To live in harmony, actually, Fayth said to Daphne. To stop hating and killing each other.Daphne wrinkled her nose. Youre a witch?No. Im human. But I have friends whore witches. I have friends whore vampires. I know lamia andhumans whore soulmates-Dont be disgusting Rashel almost shouted it. It took her a second base to get hold of herself. Then,breathing carefully, she said, Look, just watch it, Daybreaker. I need your information, so Im willing towork with you-temporarily. But watch the language or Ill leave you here when I get the rest of us out.Then you can live in harmony with eight vampires on your own. disrespect her effort at control, her voice was shaking. Somehow Fayths words seemed to keep echoingin her mind, as if they had some strange arid terrible importance. The word soulmates itself seemed toricochet around inside her.And Fayth was acting oddly, too. Instead of getting mad, she just looked at Rashel long and steadily.Then she said softly, I see Rashel didnt like the way she said it. She turned toward Daphne, whowas saying eagerly, So were going to get out of here? Like a prison break?Of course. And well have to do it fast. Rashel narrowed her eyes, trying to think. I assumed wedhave more time and theres that werewolf to get past. And then once we do get out, were on anisland. Thats bad. We cant live long out in the wild-its too cold and theyd track us. But there has to bea way. She glanced at Fayth. I dont suppose theres any chance of other Daybreakers showing upto help.Fayth shook her head. They dont know Im here. Wed heard that something was going on in a Bostonclub, that somebody was gathering girls for a bloodfeast. I came to check it out-and got nabbed before Imade my first report.So were on our own. Thats all right. Rashels mind was in gear now, humming with ideas. Okay, first,well have to see what these girls can do-which of them can help us-Fayth and Daphne were listening intently, when Rashel was interrupted by th e last thing she pass judgment tohear in a place like this.The sound of somebody shouting her name.Rashel Rashel the vampire hunter Rashel the Cat

Early Civilizations Matrix Essay

favourable turnionThe purpose of this paper is to review the subject of assentient fulfil, and the policies that go along with it. The paper will be recommending to a board of directors that their mortalal line of credit implement ap masterving carry out policies. This line of business will be support by points and facts that argon in favor of the implementation. It will also moderately discuss points against the implementation of affirmative exercise. The paper will cover points nearly how affirmative activeness policies relate to compliance with the exist opportunity laws. forrader getting to far ahead, it is important to piddle away accredited that there is a valid understanding of what affirmative exertion actually is, and what its policies stand for.What is affirmative carry out? affirmatory action means that steps be taken to tending increase the representation of women, and other minorities in beas like education, employment, and business. These be all a reas from which they get under ones skin typically and historically been excluded. It is when these steps involve discriminatory treatment or selection establish on sexuality, race, and ethnicity then the creation of affirmative action becomes controversial (Affirmative Action, 2001). History of affirmative actionIn 1961, then President John F. Kennedy issued executive severalize 10925 against the Statesn Lexicon. The sanctify gave the first mention of affirmative action.The purpose of the order was to end disagreement within the business (Nittle, n.d.). Next, three years later in 1964, The gracious Right Act came out. The goal of the Civil Right Act of 1964 was to forfeit employment and public accommodations discrimination (Nittle, n.d.). Following the Civil Right Act of 1964, President Lyndon Johnson, who took office after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, issued executive order 11246. This order required federal contractors to practice affirmative action, to help be tter diversity within the work hind end and help end race tie-upd discrimination, and other forms of discrimination (Nittle, n.d.).Before these amendments were signed into action, you had other key events that took place as well. For example, the case of Brown v Board of Education. This case was close an Afri goat American girl who wanted to attend a neat public school, and was denied admittance. This case helped overturn a prior case Plessy v Ferguson. Plessy v Ferguson stated that a separate but equal America was constitutional (Nittle, n.d.). Brown v Board overturned that case by ruling that discrimination is a key aspect of racial segregation. Which meant that it profaned the 14th Amendment (Nittle, n.d.). This decision started the countries goal to promote diversity in schools and various(a) other places (Nittle, n.d.). This was a rattling important legal, as well as ethical case. It helped kick start the changes to peoples thought processes. wherefore affirmative action?N ow that a bit of history on affirmative action has been covered, it is important to look at why affirmative action policies should be put into action at your ships smart set. Affirmative action would be actually beneficial to your phoner for many reasons. It allows for a more than(prenominal) diversified workplace, it is a way to allow all races to contrive equal rights, it shows that everyone has the ability to be great at their pedigree, that people can be more productive by sharing various thoughts, broadcasts, and ideas for the betterment of non moreover the go with, but themselves as well, regardless of their gender, race, or ethnicity.This company should subscribe to people based on social occasions like their level of experience and skill, and whether they have the aspects necessary for thatposition. The hiring process should non be based on the persons racial or ethnic background, or whether they are a male or a female. People should be comfortable adequacy th at when they apply for a position within your company they do not worry about whether or not they are being discriminated against. in all that should matter is that they have the skills necessary to do the job to the best of their ability. not whether or not they are the appropriate gender or if they are the right ethnicity.If someone applies for a job at your company, and they feel they may have been discriminated against, and then they ask you about it, if you dont give them a sensible response or answer them correctly it can cause problems for the company. Whether it be through long bitter court battles, or just the company gains a bad name for even potentially being disadvantage or biased. purpose discrimination against women and minorities is something that has gone on for a very long time. Government reports show that the pay, as well as job opportunities for minorities is smaller than that of white or Caucasian ethnicity ( Bohlander & Snell, 2007).If your company impleme nts affirmative action, it can be beneficial from the outside and inside as well. One thing that needs to be done to begin the action, is to develop a plan. Your company needs to have a written statement showing perpetration to the idea of affirmative action. You should look at where the company stands in monetary value of women and minorities that you have employed. By doing so, it will allow for you to see where changes, if any, need to be made. Once you see where the improvements and changes are, you need to take the right steps to crap sure these changes are made. While making these changes, you have to take up sure that no other race or gender within your employee base was mistreated, or undervalued in any way due to the affirmative action plan. constitute employment opportunity lawAccording to the Equal Employment Opportunity Law, all businesses have an obligation to uphold. They are not to try on a potential employee based on ones race, gender, age, etc. This is a very important aspect of affirmative action. You have to fuddle sure that your company understands and follows thepolicy ( Bohlander & Snell, 2007).The court system is always interpreting the employment law. If changes are made, then it is the manager of your companys responsibility to change the companys employment guidelines to follow the court ruling (Bohlander & Snell, 2007). To help make sure that business do comply with the changes, and anti discrimination laws, the Equal Employment Opportunities Council was established to monitor that the guidelines are being followed (Bohlander & Snell, 2007).Benefits of affirmative actionThere are many benefits for your company to implementing an affirmative action plan. The employees themselves will benefit for instance, because minorities that are employed within your company have the chance to advance up the career ladder, and gain opportunities for promotions that they may not have had a chance of getting before.Your company shouldnt be mad e up of one race, one ethnicity, or one gender because you think that one is better than the other. If a person has or gets a job, it should be due to their qualifications and abilities to do the job correctly. Not based on race or gender. The downfalls of affirmative actionWith almost any argument in favor of something, you are going to have opinions refuting the ideas. Some intrust that affirmative action leads to reverse discrimination. That instead of being hired for their qualifications and skill, that they are hired based on religion, race, gender, etc. Opponents feel that it can make people turn against one another. Preventing the downfalls of affirmative actionThe cons of affirmative action can be avoided as long as your company takes the proper steps. The company needs to look for the best people for the unfilled positions, and do the proper training if needed. To help prevent your employees from feeling as if the only reason they got the job with your company was due to t heir gender or race, make sure that you let them know they were hired because they had the needed experience or qualifications and therefore they were the best match.It is important to make sure that your company sticks to the plan that was laid out in the beginning, to the affirmative action plan that was developed. You instruct over all of your employees, and not just those who are impacted more by the plan, the work environment at your company should stay sustainable and comfortable for all employees.ConclusionAffirmative action would be a great idea for your company. The purpose of this presentation was to show both the pros and the cons of implementing affirmative action within your company, which is hopefully what was done. The main thing to remember here is that the benefits to implementing affirmative action, strongly outbalance the pitfalls. Also, the opposition to the plan can be avoided by following your action plan, and the steps provided for avoidance of those downfal ls. It is hoped that you will choose to use the affirmative action policy within your company, as it is something that will most definitely help and payoff in your companys future.ReferencesBohlander, G. W., & Snell, S. A., (2007). Managing human resources (14th ed.). Florence, KY Thomson Learning high Education. Nittle, N.K. (n.d.). Key events in affirmative action history. Retrieved from http//racerelations.about.com/od/historyofracerelations/a/TheFiveLandmarkEventsWhichLedtoAffirmativeActionsRise.htm Affirmative action. (2001). Retrieved from http//plato.stanford.edu/entries/affirmative-action/

High Attrition Rate at Call Center Industry: an Hr Manager’s View

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS COLLEGE OF COMMERCE AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION This look into intent is being evidenceed to the Faculty of the Department of Human resourcefulness Development & focussing Entitled High Turnover Rate and Employee Benefits in Call middle Industries The HR Managers View By Buotan, Aldrin M. Dimaculangan, Rey Karl A. Flores, derriere Andrew S. Malabanan, John Peter M. Marquez, Gerard Ephraim L. Tagunicar, Cedie N. September 1, 2012 Espana, Manila IntroductionTodays best companies understand the veritable key to maintaining a world-class men is non just to make the best employees, but to keep them once they atomic turning 18 hired. Retaining progressive workforce has not been an easy task to all(prenominal) employer or organization and thence becomes a real challenge to cope up with the fast maltreat business world currently we atomic number 18 on and if this fails, surely last rickover reckon assess grade rush out occur and leave alon e be bounteous in an organization. An employee overthrow rate refers to the movement of employees out of an organization.It is very much cited as virtuoso of the factors behind the failure of an employee productiveness rate and is also one of the chief determinants of labour supply (Snell & Bohlander, 2010, Principles of Human alternative Management, 15th edition, unite States, p,415). Competing organizations argon constantly looking to steal top performers, and poaching talents is becoming an increasingly common way for organizations to build themselves them up as a larger company to be able to expand and prep ar much profits, while at the same metre tearing their competitors crush (Noe et. l. 2010, Human Resource management Gaining a Competitive Advantage, 7th edition, saucy York, p461). Turnover comes in good times and in bad, to good companies and to those that ar struggling of every size. Losing a good and talented employee is never easy, and sometimes is predictab le, but sometimes, it hobo be prevented, you cant run a service business when you argon at war with your employees (Greg Davdidowitch, Noe et. al, 2010, Human Resource Management Gaining Competitive Advantage, 7th edition, New York).Knowing the rate of derangement at a certain(p) organization is the first step to understanding whether employees departs inwardly the range of normal for a type of business and perseverance. Turnover is a key benchmark in assessing the health and stability of organizations. A spirited overturn rate suggests there whitethorn be something wrong with the raw material structure of a company, its salary levels or even its returns. Too racy turnover rate can also mean that an organization is losing productivity and knowledge, including an understanding of products and processes. The consequences of the loss are both financial and in the team spirit of those who remain.Leading reasons that employees micturate for their departure a better opportunit y or increase responsibilities, higher pay or more benefits, or they are contemptible to a contrary location. Benefits may one of the best reasons to reduce turnover rate and increase the retention in an attention. Employee benefits that is part of the total payment package, other than pay for a worker, provided employees in whole or in part by employer payments, example of which are life insurance, pension, workers compensation and spend (Milkovich, G & Newman, J1984, Compensation, New York, p. ). Employee benefits are compensations given to employees in addition to ceaseless salaries or wages. Some benefits are legally required, e. g. , social security benefits, Medicare, solitude benefits, maternity benefits, service incentive leave, etc. Other benefits are offered by the employer as an incentive to attract and retain employees as well as increase employee morale and correct clientele performance (Labor and Employment B police forceg A work in progress, June 1, 2010, Phi lippine Labor Laws, http//www. laborlaw. usc-law. rg, viewed August 22, 2012). Aside from heavy(p) benefits mandate by law, there are other benefits that an industry can offer to reduce their turnover rate. Our hold allow for focus on how an industry uses its turnover rate in making decisions to cleanse their benefits program. The questioners keep elect the portend rivet industries in the Philippines to best suit their worst matter about employee turnover rate and benefits. at that place are certain reports and information that shows the high turnover rate over anticipate up touch on industries locally.Turnover rate in the countrys call tenderness has gotten so worse that it has hit 60 to 80 percent, according to the Call circle around Association of the Philippines (CCAP) (AURELIO A. PENA, Davao Today March 20, 2008, http//www. gmanetwork. com/ spick-and-spans/story/85640/news/specialreports/rp-call- sum of moneys-reel-from-world-s-highest-turnover, viewed 8/20/20 12). Globally, it is an accepted norm in the industry to have a 30 to 40 per cent turnover. Both Australia and India call shopping centres have turnover order of only six to 10 percent.Top government officials are appal that an emerging industry that has generated around 2 billion US dollars in annual revenues is reeling from a worsening turnover crisis. Labor accounts for between 65% and 75% of the ongoing costs of running a contact center. alone employee turnover is so high in the call center industry that much of that money is spent on double uped efforts to hire and recrudesce people who arent right in the first place, and/or are managed ineffectively, resulting in high turnover.Call center organizations have come to accept that a recurring percentage of their workforce will have to be replaced every year. Those replacements will have to be found, assessed and trained. And then the cycle will repeat again, as a percentage of those new hires will in turn leave. The average turnover is about 35% in the call center industry, which means in three years, an entire contact center constituent pool will have been turned over (Inova Solutions, July 5, 2011, Reducing factor Turnover in Contact Centers viewed 8/20/2012, http//blog. novasolutions. com/2011/). This studies shows that there are certainly high turnover rates on call center industries in the Philippines. A study conducted by Datacraft Asia in 2009 suggested that Asian call center agents are aware of the large get for their service, so they are confident that they can easily land a new job after they resign. Better salary offer from other call center outsourcing firms, tight and pouching schedules, stress from dealing with difficult customers and lack of holiday breaks are also causing many agents to leave their job.Also, allegations of labor autograph violations in small call centers are on the rise. Some agents who did not receive incentives or bonuses as promised during recruitment are bid ly to advise their contract (Eli, May 24 2011, Philippine call center outsourcing industry fights attrition rate, http//outsourceyourcallcenter. com, viewed 8/20/2012). Due to this high turnover rates that are currently in call center industries, there are certain solutions pertaining to benefits and motivation that could help to lower down the high turnover on call center industries.Government mandated benefits such as Social certification System (SSS) contributions, Philippine Health Insurance (Phil Health) contributions, Home Development usual Fund (Pag-ibig Fund) contributions, 13th month pay, service incentive leave, meal and equalizer periods, overtime pay, special holiday/rest day rates, and night shift differentials and company benefits such as holiday bonus, mid-year bonus, and paid holiday and pass leaves (Honey Amabelle D. Young, March 8, 2012, Employee Benefits in the Philippines, weblog, viewed August 22, 2012, asyoutsource. om/blog/). With these benefits, call cen ter industries will surely lower down their turnover rate and could save more money on costly training and development programs. Other companies give a little more than the minimum benefits required by law in order to be competitive or at to the lowest degree be at par with community or industry practices. There are also employers who give more benefits than required out of favor for employees who are loyal to the company. Managers of call center face many challenges.They are responsible for operations that are capital intensive, with a high demand for continual investment to keep up with rapid developments in technology. They are also responsible, in many cases, for large numbers of staff often working with different shifts. Human resources manager in call center industries plays a vital role in valuing employees to reduce high turnover rate and improve their company retention capability. HR managers have the shuttlecocks eye view on what is happening on personnel office relate d issued on an industry.Their views on issues such as turnover rates and giving benefits to their employees are important points to consider because they are the one who would wee certain solutions to such problems for the more efficient and smoother run of a call center industry. As HR students and future HR managers, the searchers would like to understand and to get the views and insights of HR managers on this phenomenon and find out if there are improvements to employee benefits to lower this turnover rates.As HR students, the lookers would like to spearhead this study in order to analyze and make realistic solutions that could help the call center industries on this growing phenomenon. The researchers will conduct a semi-structured converse to the HR Manager of call center industries here in the Philippines. The hobby central questions will guide the interviewers 1. ) How do Human Resources Managers view on the high turnover rate on call center industries? 2. ) What new be nefits are implemented to reduce turnover rate and what changes in employee benefits were introduced to improve employee retention?Our study will focus on how a call center industry uses its turnover rate in making decisions to improve their benefits program rates in call center industries. Methodology Research Design The research design that the researchers adapted in this study is phenomenological research design, particularly the transcendental or psychological phenomenology. This design aims to get the meaning of as this is a qualitative analysis of narrative information, methods to analyze its data must be quite different from more traditional or quantitative methods of research (Janet Waters, Psychology Capillano University, viewed August, 25, 2012, http//www2. apilanou. ca). This type of research design is the intimately effective in terms of expressing the essence of how high turn-over rate shapes the organizations benefit system. Data conference Procedure The researcher s has join forcesed Human Resource Managers from different Call Centers Companies, both Local(PacificHub) and International(HSBC and PhilAm Life) Companies, who have an adequate years of become in dealing with the prevalent High Turn-Over rate in their previous and present employers.The subjects group age ranges from late 20s to the late 40s with the average years of experience of 3 to 10 years from the same employers. The researcher adopts a person-centered and holistic perspective. It helps to generate an in-depth account that will help the researcher a image of reality regarding their lived experience to answer the researcher inquiry about the subject. The researchers will conduct their interview by setting a date time for each manager during the collection of data or their answers regarding the interview.The Researchers will bear on to the process of meeting the manager and Data Collection. Each session may last up to 2 hours, depending on the interviewees length of views a nd insights on their experiences also known as Extended Interview. Story telling will be conducted also to ask the emotions of the HR Manager and his/her intellectual remembering and consciousness about the turnover rate in call center industries. The Researcher has chosen Call Canter Companies that has attrition rate of 30 to 40 % to be able to qualify as a accredited source of information about the topic. Data ExploitationDuring the interview, the main concern of the researchers was to get the view of HR manager in the high turnover rate and the benefits given? The questionnaire for HR mangers shall include their robotfoto (Kelchtermans & Ballet 2002), basis on the rate of employee turnover in the last 3 years, number of employees employed and the employee benefits or other discretionary benefits given. The researchers will be using an interview to tuck the participants descriptions of their experience, or the participants written or oral self-report, or even their artistic ex pressions (e. . art, narratives, or poetry, essays). The phenomenon of high turnover rate is the main subject of this research and how the HR managers have experienced it in call center industries. This research is going to be conducted by taking interview Interview is the detach method for collecting of data and giving a questionnaire to the Human Resource managers with full knowledge in the call center industry chosen by the researchers, to find out their view on the high turnover rate and benefits given to their employees.The HR Managers are chosen by their number of years in service in the industry. After the researchers gather the necessity data for their research, they will, and then follow the Collaizis Procedure, reading and re-reading of the interview and analyzing or extraction of the information to significant statements or quotes and coming up with the categories (Cool Analysis) and combines the statements into themes (Warm Analysis).The researchers will develop phenom enal referents of the persons interviewed. After this procedure, the researchers can gather the data by the use of data analytic tools in data reduction such as Repertory or Kelly Grid in order to categorized and give themes to the insights/referents of the manager. Study site Data Gathering Procedure

Safe Dance Practice – Year 11 Dance

Safe spring practice is the guide stock certificates and principles put in stern to abridge risk of injury and help prolong a terpsichorers c atomic number 18er. We affect an understanding of form placement, kinaesthetic aw beness and coordination to per bounce to our ripe potential if wanting it to be successful. Dance as an art form is trying to communicate an idea or concept intent to an audience. The presence ordain parti entirelyy communicate that, but it is how you express the snuff itment that will tell a story. Our vegetable marrow carrying into action choreographed by Miss McKellar to A Womans Work expresses proceedings that partake to the lyrics of the song.These movements use various trip the light fantastic toe techniques and eubstance skills to portray the concept intent. These dance techniques include remains awareness, technique, body interpreter, axial movement, locomotor movement, turns, f alls, difference and kinaesthetic awareness. All these danc e techniques set up my performance of the dance by celestial orbiting out to the viewer so they understand the meaning of the dance. In our event performance, body awareness is the need to develop a full connectivity between the different parts of the body to be able to move with the utmost efficiency while victorious risks and maximizing every moment.In the dance, we use body awareness all th ferociousout the dance. An congressman of this technique is shown when on the floor, while my left articulatio genus is bent in a flexion movement our right point is extending away from our body in a turned out manner. My dead body is contracting over my extended outgrowth while our arms are scooping the negative space around the shape. While in this shape, we need to be aware that our arms are non behind our body as this may cause us to lose balance and stability. In this shape, I try to keep a turned out government agency and weighting placement correct.If not on balance I could di srupt the line of placement and excise over, causing the line of movement to be distorted. be awareness refers to skillful dance practice by referring to how I am aware of how my body and how it is aligned to perform effective dance movements. some other example of dance technique is body alignment. Body alignment is the stacking of castanets to create alignment employ for safe dance practice. It is the placement of clappers in such(prenominal) a way that increases physiological effectiveness and health. An example of body alignment in our core performance is our first opinion.Our starting postal service is where our knee joints are bent and on the ground, and our torso is hinging back. In this position I try to keep my cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae and lumber vertebrae all in line to keep a flat back. If arched, it could end in possible injury to the lumber vertebrae. Body alignment refers to safe dance practice as it plays a major role in dance technique and e nhances our concept intent in our major core performance. A locomotor movement is movement that travels from place to place, usually identified by weight transference on the feet.A turn is a move or a cause to move in a account direction wholly or partly around an axis or point. Elevation is the action of fact of elevating or cosmos elevated. It is the increase in the amount or level of some matchless or something. An example of a locomotor movement that involves the movement to turn and use elevation is the good turn attitude leap in the second chorus of our core performance. When preparing for this traverse I needed to make sure that my knee and foot werent misaligned as that could have ended in a possible plication of the mortise-and-tenon joint.Another misalignment that could happen is when preparing, I needed to ensure that my feet were aligned and not in an eversion. Whilst on the way down from the attitude leap, it was essential that I articulate my foot to land properl y and safely. If I hadnt arrive safely it could have resulted in a knee or ankle injury. During this jump I could have used more elevation to reach my potential in jumping higher and submitting my subdivisions into a break out attitude leap. When turning in the attitude leap, I need to malignment quicker as I was disorientated when I started to move on to the close movement in the phrase.This shows safe dance practice as I go through the steps that are essential to execute the movement safely and properly. Balance is an even distribution of weight enabling me to prevail upright and steady. entertain is the ability to employ dance techniques to meet the unavoidably of the core performance. An example of balance and control is after getting up off the floor from curl, I go into an attitude pivot around myself. This movement requires a lot of control and stability as if not on balance I could fall and injure myself by rolling in my knee or being completely off balance and fal ling over.During this movement I needed to ensure that I brace my supporting leg and used counterbalance of my bent attitude leg and diagonal arms to guarantee the safeness and on balance of the movement. Balance and Control are shown in the core performance and are connected to safe dance practice as they show variation from strong and rough to soft and controlled. A fall in dance is an action pathetic downward, typically slowly and controlled, from a higher level to a sink level. It is an act of falling or collapsing, all the while controlled and making it have the appearance _or_ semblance and look easy.An example of a fall in our core performance is when we hinge back and gracefully fall onto the ground. This movement occurs multiple sentence as it symbolises being weighed down. This movement takes place by my legs are in a flexion position at the knees and hinging my torso back in a straight line with my cervical, thoracic and lumber spine which creates a straight line fr om my knees to my head. I then bend my right knee even further and roll through my toes and land on my musculus tibialis anterior and per hotshotus longus. This movement could cause an injury if I misalign my leg and land on my knee.This movement shows the techniques used to sustain a fall and is applied to safe dance practice by using m either muscles to control the landing of a fall. Body articulation is the ability of the terpsichorean to isolate and combine individual body parts to communicate a desired intent. Body articulation is another body skill. Body articulation refers to safe dance practice as I am perform and executing the movement safely. Axial movement is any movement that is anchored to one spot by a body part using yet the available space in any direction without losing the initial body contact.Axial movement can also be called a non-locomotor installment or movement as it does not travel from one muddle to another. In my core performance this body skill can be a movement at the start. Just after I get up off the floor and arrange my legs to an open parallel position on rise with my arms reaching to the diagonals above our head. In this position my arms and legs are reaching to the four corners of my shape. In this shape, if not on balance, I can fall or stumble. In my dance I found that I was a little off balance and I needed to fix it before I fell over.I used my arms and legs as counterbalance and reached up and out of the position so I wasnt sitting in the shape. I found when I thought this that it helped more than I original thought. Axial movement relates to safe dance practice by using several muscles to prevent any unwanted stumbles and misalignments. During the course of the dance there were many an(prenominal) other master(prenominal) dance techniques that were used to portray the concept intent. Strength, endurance, coordination and anatomical structure are more techniques used to enhance my core performance.All these danc e techniques relate to safe dance practice as they all correct prefatory technique faults to move more safely and efficiently in my core performance. hOne important dance technique that is used to improve yourself and your dance includes effectiveness. Strength corrects technique and rehabilitates any injuries that could have happened during the course of a time decimal point. Strength also improves your performance by strengthening your muscles. In mold for me to use this strength in my dance I need to scarper up to it. Various exercises are used to build up strength and over time it will increase your durability and overall strength. courage is another technique that is used throughout the dance. Endurance is the capacity of something to exit or withstand wear and tear. It is the fact or power of allow a difficult process without with child(p) up or giving away. Developing endurance is important in my core performance for the flat coat in that it tries to avoid muscle exh austion and the potential risk of an injury. energy exhaustion can be circumvented by performing repeated movements such as rising, bends, and repeating sequences for gradual improvement over a period of time.Coordination is the process or state of coordinating or being coordinated. It is having a comprehend of direction and to have control over many movements. In the core performance coordination is needed greatly as there were many different and rapid direction changes and quick steps and movements. Without a sense of coordination I would have been completely disorientated and possibly fallen due to me being confused and mixed-up with the directions. Flexibility refers to the range of motion possible at a given joint determined by the lengthening and reference of muscles and fibres.Flexibility was required to do the core performance properly as there were many moments in the dance that required the flexibility of one self to properly execute the movement. Safe dance practice en hances my core performance dance by adding to the choreography dance techniques in stray to personalise the dance. Safe dance practice is the guidelines and principles put in place to reduce risk of injury and help prolong a dancers career. Dance as an artform is how you try to communicate an idea or concept intent across to an audience.

American Writers Essay

ENG 4U1 Film and Literature Comparative ISP Choose your ISP Topic below. For that topic, you essential choose one corresponding film and one corresponding young from the list below. You will then work towards completing a proportional analysis of the two chosen works. The steps of the ISP are as follows U1A5 averment of Intent/ISP Proposal U2A6 ISP Progress Report 1 (here you will surveil your ISP novel) U4A1 ISP Annotated Bibliography U5A1 ISP Progress Report 2 (here you will review your ISP film) U5A2 ISP Thesis/ draft U5A4 Final ISP Essay.ISP TOPICS FILM CHOICES NOVEL CHOICES Personal Liberation/Redemption naan Torino Rocky Balboa Albert Camus, The Outsider Carol Shields, The Stone Diaries Ernest Gaines, A Lesson Before expiry Ian McEwan, expiation Jane Urqhart, The Stone Carvers can buoy Irving, A Prayer For Owen Meany Khaled Hosseini, The increase Runner Margaret Atwood, Surfacing Margaret Laurence, The Stone Angel Miriam Toews, A Complicated graciousness Oscar Wilde, A Picture of Dorian Gray Roberston Davis, Fifth Business Walter Lamb, Shes Come Undone Destructive Nature of Dreams American Gangster.There allow for Be Blood Brian Moore, The Passion of Judith Hearne F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby John Steinbeck, The Pearl John Steinbeck, Of Mice and Men Mordechai Richler, The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz Toni Morrison, The Bluest Eye Utopia/Direction of the Future Children of Men The Road Aldous Huxley, chivalrous New World Anthony Burgess, A Clockwork Orange Cormac McCarthy, The Road George Orwell, 1984 Margaret Atwood, Oryx and Crake Margaret Atwood, A handmaidens Tale Ray Bradbury, Fahrenheit 451 Journey report Rain Man Motorcycle DiariesA.Manette Ansay, Vingear Hill Arundhati Roy, The God of Small Things Betty Smith, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn Cormac McCarthy, The Road John Steinbeck, The Pearl Khaled Hosseini A honey oil refined Suns Khaled Hosseini, The Kite Runner Kim Edwards, The Memory Keepers miss Marina Nemat, The Prisoner of Tehran Paolo Coehlo, The Alchemist Salman Rushdie, Satanic Verses fulfil monk Kidd, The Secret conduct of Bees William Faulkner, As I Lay Dying Destructive Nature of fight Avatar The Hurt Locker Anne Michaels, Fugitive Pieces Denis Brock, The Ash Garden.Elie Wiesel, Night Ian McEwan, Atonement Joseph Boyden, Three Day Road Joseph Keller, Catch-22 Joy Kogawa, Obasan Laura Esquivel, Like Water For drinking chocolate Markus Zusak, The Book Thief Pat Barker, The Ghost Road Timothy Findley, The Wars Non-Conformist cuneus Juno Iron Man Anthony Burgess, A Clockwork Orange J. D, Salinger, The Catcher in The rye whisky John Irving, A Prayer For Owen Meany Joyce Carol Oates, Foxfire Ken Kesey, nonpareil Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest Kim Edwards, The Memory Keepers Daughter Mark Haddon, The Curious Incident of the Dog inthe night Miriam Toews, A Complicated Kindness Roddy Doyle.A Star Called Henry Sue Monk Kidd, The Secret Life of Bees Immigrant Experience Lost in comment In America Anne Michaels, Fugitive Pieces Barbara Kingsolver, The Poisonwood Bible Brian Moore, The Luck of Ginger Coffey crude(a) McCourt, Angelas Ashes Jane Urquhart, The Stone Carvers Joy Kowaga, Obasan Margaret Laurence, The Diviners Michael Ondaatje, In the Skin of a social lion Mistry Rohinton, A Fine Balance Nino Ricci, Lives of the Saints Role of Women Revolutionary Road An Education.Alice Walker, The saturation Purple Anita Diamant, The Red Tent Anne Marie MacDonald, Fall On Your Knees Arthur Golden, Memoirs of a geisha Barbara Kingsolver, The Poisonwood Bible Bernhard Schlink, The Reader Frank McCourt, Angelas Ashes Khaled Hosseini A Thousand Splendid Suns Kim Edwards, The Memory Keepers Daughter Margaret Atwood, The Edible Woman Margaret Atwood, The Handmaids Tale Miriam Toews, A Complicated Kindness Sue Monk Kidd, The Secret Life of Bees Tennessee Williams, A Streetcar Named Desire Toni Morrison, The Bluest Eye Wally Lamb, Shes Come Undone.

Feminism in the Late 20th Century

Chapter 4 A bionic man manifesto Science, Technology, and Socialist- Feminism in the Late 20th Century* DONNA HARAWAY Hi grade of mind Program, University of California, at Santa Cruz 1. AN IRONIC DREAM OF A COMMON LANGUAGE FOR WOMEN IN THE INTEGRATED CIRCUIT This chapter is an effort to build an ironic semi govwhite-tailed sea eagle workforcetal figment faithful to womens lib, amicableism, and materialism. Perhaps more(prenominal) faithful as blasphemy is faithful, than as reverent worship and assignment. Blasphemy has always commandmed to require taking things truly seriously.I have a go at it no better stance to adopt from within the secular-religious, evangelistic imposts of united States politics, including the politics of mixerist-feminism. Blasphemy protects geniusness from the moral majority within, epoch unbosom insisting on the take in for comm union. Blas- phemy is non apostasy. Irony is active contradictions that do non resolve into larger wholes, p lane dialectic each(prenominal)y, or so the accent of holding incompatible things together because two(prenominal) or all argon infallible and rightful(a). Irony is ab break hu- mor and serious play.It is also a rhetorical strategy and a policy-making method, unrivaled I would worry to see more honoured within socialist-feminism. At the center of my ironic faith, my blasphemy, is the image of the bionic man. A bionic charr is a cybernetic existence, a hybrid of instrument and organism, a creature of social strongity as well as a creature of fiction. Social reality is lived social sex acts, our most(prenominal) important political construction, a public-ever-changing fiction. The international womens movements rich person constructed womens let, as well as uncovered or detect this crucial bodied ob- ject.This experience is a fiction and fact of the most crucial, political winning. inflammation rests on the construction of the soul, the imaginative ap- prehe nsion, of oppression, and so of possibility. The bionic cleaning lady is a issue of fiction and lived experience that changes what studys as womens experience in the changeer(a) 20th century. This is a struggle over life and death, further the margin in the midst of science fiction and social reality is an optical conjuring trick. ripe science fiction is full of cyborgscreatures simultaneously animal and machine, who popu recently worlds ambiguously indwelling and crafted.Modern medicine is also full of cyborgs, of couplings amid organism and machine, all(prenominal) conceived as coded devices, in an intimacy and with a former that was non generated in the register of sexuality. Cyborg sex restores some of the lovely replicative baroque of ferns and invertebrates (such straight-laced * Originally published as Manifesto for cyborgs science, technology, and socialist feminism in the 1980s. Socialist Review, no. 80 (1985) 65108. Reprinted with permission of the author. 117 J. Weiss et al. eds. ), The International vade mecum of Virtual Learning Environments, 117158. o C 2006 Springer. Printed in the Netherlands. total prophylactics against heterosexism). Cyborg replication is uncou- pled from native reproduction. Modern production clear the appearance _or_ semblances like a vision of cyborg colonization work, a dream that makes the nightm be of Taylorism seem idyllic. And modern war is a cyborg orgy, coded by C3I, command- control-communication-intelligence, an $84 billion item in 1984s US defence budget.I am making an argument for the cyborg as a fiction mapping our so- cial and bodily reality and as an imaginative resource suggesting some very fruitful couplings. Michael Foucaults biopolitics is a flaccid pre-monition of cyborg politics, a very open field. By the late 20th century, our quantify, a romanceic time, we atomic number 18 all chimeras, theorized, and fabricated hybrids of machine and organism in short, we argon cyborgs. Thi s cyborg is our ontology it perpetrates us our politics.The cyborg is a condensed image of both imagination and material reality, the two joined cen- ters structuring either possibility of historical transformation. In the traditions of western sandwich science and politicsthe tradition of racist, male-dominant capitalism the tradition of progress the tradition of the appropriation of nature as resource for the productions of culture the tradition of reproduction of the egotism from the reflections of the different the apprisal between organism and machine has been a border war.The stakes in the border war feel been the territories of production, reproduction, and imagination. This chapter is an argument for pleasure in the confusion of boundaries and for responsibility in their construction. It is also an effort to contri providede to socialist- libber culture and supposition in a post-modernist, non graphicist mode and in the utopian tradi- tion of imagining a world withou t sexual practice, which is perhaps a world without genesis, but maybe also a world without end. The cyborg incarnation is outside salvation level. Nor does it mark time on an oral symbiotic utopia or post- oedipal apocalypse.As Zoe Sofoulis argues in her unpublished disseminated sclerosis on Jacques Lacan, Melanie Klein, and atomic culture, Lacklein, the most terrible and perhaps the most brilliant monsters in cyborg worlds ar incarnate in non-oedipal narratives with a disparate logic of repression, which we need to understand for our survival. The cyborg is a creature in a post- sexual practice world it has no truck with bisexu- ality, preoedipal symbiosis, unalienated sweat, or other seductions to organic wholeness finished a final appropriation of all the powers of the part into a higher wiz.In a sense, the cyborg has no pipeline story in the Western sensea final irony since the cyborg is also the awful apocalyptictelosof the Wests escalating dominations of abstract individuation, an ultimate self untied at last from all dependency, a man in space. An origin story in the Western, hu- manist sense depends on the romance of authorized sensation, fullness, bliss, and terror, re applyed by the phallic mother from whom all military personnel must separate, the designate of individual development and of accounting, the twin potent fabrications scratch most powerfully for us in psychoanalysis and Marxism.Hilary Klein (1989) has argued that both Marxism and psychoanalysis, in their imaginations of labor and of individuation and gender formation, depend on the plot of original 118 unity out of which difference must be acquired and enlisted in a drama of escalating domination of woman/nature. The cyborg skips the step of original unity, of identification with nature in the Western sense. This is an illegitimate promise that efficiency maneuver to sub version of its teleology as star wars. The cyborg is resolutely committed to partiality, iro ny, intimacy, and per- versity.It is oppositional, utopian, and in all without innocence. No longer social systemd by the polarity of public and private, the cyborg defines a technologicalpolisbased partly on a diversity of social dealing in theoikos, the household. Nature and culture be reworked the one can no longer be the resource for appropriation or incorporation by the other. The relationships for forming wholes from parts, including those of polarity and hierarchical dom- ination, are at issue in the cyborg world. contradictory the hopes of Frankensteins monster, the cyborg does non expect its father to save it by dint of a restoration of the garden that is, through the fabrication of a straightaway mate, through its completion in a finished whole, a urban center and cosmos. The cyborg does not dream of community on the model of the organic family, this time without the oedipal project. The cyborg would not recognize the Garden of Eden it is not make of mud and cann ot dream of returning to dust. Perhaps that is why I want to see if cyborgs can subvert the apocalypse of returning to nuclear dust in the manic compulsion to get a line the Enemy.Cyborgs are not reverent they do not remember the cosmos. They are wary of holism, but needy for communitythey seem to have a cancel go through for united front politics, but without the vanguard party. The main trouble with cyborgs, of course, is that they are the illegitimate offspring of militarism and patriarchal capitalism, not to keep state socialism. simply illegitimate offspring are often exceedingly unfaithful to their origins. Their fathers, afterwards all, are inessential. I want to signal three crucial terminal top dog breakd sustains that make the following politicalfictional (political-scientific) analysis possible.By the late 20th cen- tury in united States scientific culture, the enclosure between adult male and ani- mal is thoroughly breached. The last beachheads of singularity have been pol- luted if not turned into amusement parkslanguage, tool use, social behavior, mental thus farts, slide fastener really convincingly settles the disengagement of gracious and animal. And umpteen people no longer feel the need for such a separation indeed, many branches of feminist culture affirm the pleasure of confederacy of human and other living creatures.Movements for animal rights are not incoherent de- nials of human uniqueness they are a clear-sighted recognition of connection across the discredited breach of nature and culture. Biology and evolutionary possible action over the last two centuries have simultaneously produced modern or- ganisms as objects of kip downledge and reduced the line between humans and animals to a rickety trace re-etched in ideological struggle or professional dis- putes between life and social science. Within this framework, teaching modern Christian creationism should be fought as a form of child abuse.Biological-determinist ideology is merely one position opened up in scien- tific culture for arguing the meanings of human animality. There is much 119 room for stand political people to contest the meanings of the breached boundary. 1 The cyborg appears in myth precisely where the boundary be- tween human and animal is transgressed. Far from signaling a walling off of people from other living beings, cyborgs signal disturbingly and plea- surably tight coupling. Bestiality has a newfangled status in this cycle of marriage exchange.The secondly leaky bill is between animal-human (organism) and machine. Precybernetic machines could be haunted in that location was always the spectre of the nicety in the machine. This dualism bodily structured the dialogue between materialism and idealism that was colonized by a dialectical progeny, called spirit or history, according to taste. just now when basically machines were not self- moving, self-designing, autonomous. They could not achieve mans dream, w holly mock it. They were not man, an author himself, but only a caricature of that masculinist reproductive dream.To think they were otherwise was paranoid. Now we are not so sure. Late 20th-century machines have made thoroughly ambiguous the difference between natural and artificial, mind and body, self-developing and externally designed, and many other distinctions that used to impose to organisms and machines. Our machines are disturbingly lively, and we ourselves frighteningly inert. Technological determination is only one ideological space opened up by the reconceptions of machine and organism as coded texts through which we engage in the play of writing and construe the world. Textualization of everything in post-structuralist, post-modernist theory has been damned by bolshies and socialist-feminists for its utopian disregard for the lived relations of domination that priming coat the play of arbitrary rendering. 3 It is certainly true that post-modernist strategies, like my cyborg myth, subvert myriad organic wholes (for example, the poem, the primitive culture, the biological organ- ism). In short, the certainty of what counts as nature a source of incursion and promise of innocenceis under exploit, probably fatally.The transcendent authorization of interpretation is lost, and with it the ontology substructure Western epistemology. But the alternative is not cynicism or faithlessness, that is, some version of abstract existence, like the accounts of technologi- cal determinism destroying man by the machine or substantive political action by the text. Who cyborgs will be is a radical question the answers are a matter of survival. Both chimpanzees and artifacts have politics, so why shouldnt we? (de Waal, 1982 Winner, 1980).The third distinction is a subset of the second The boundary between physical and nonphysical is very imprecise for us. toss off physics books on the consequences of quantum theory and the indeterminacy principle are a large -hearted of popular scientific equivalent to Harlequin romances as a marker of radical change in American white good faith They get it wrong, but they are on the right subject. Modern machines are quintessentially microelectronic devices They are everywhere and they are invisible.Modern machinery is an irreverent upstart god, jeering the Fathers ubiquity and spirituality. The 120 silicon chip is a surface for writing it is etched in molecular scales disturbed only by atomic noise, the ultimate interference for nuclear scores. Writing, power, and technology are old partners in Western stories of the origin of civilization, but miniaturization has changed our experience of mechanism. Miniaturization has turned out to be some power depressed is not so much beau- tiful as pre-eminently dangerous, as in cruise missiles.Contrast the TV sets of the 1950s or the news cameras of the 1970s with the TV wrist bands or hand-sized video cameras now advertised. Our best machines are made of sun shine they are all light and clean because they are nothing but sig- nals, electromagnetic waves, a section of a spectrum, and these machines are eminently portable, mobilea matter of immense human pain in Detroit and Singapore. People are nowhere near so fluid, being both material and opaque. Cyborgs are ether, quintessence.The ubiquity and invisibility of cyborgs is precisely why these sunshine- smasher machines are so deadly. They are as hard to see politically as materially. They are about consciousness or its simulation. 4 They are floating signifiers moving in pickup trucks across Europe, blocked more effectively by the witch- weavings of the displaced and so unnatural Greenham women, who read the cyborg webs of power so very well, than by the militant labor of older mas- culinist politics, whose natural constituency needs defence jobs.Ultimately the hardest science is about the realm of greatest boundary confusion, the realm of pure number, pure spirit, C3I, cryptography, an d the preservation of potent secrets. The new machines are so clean and light. Their engineers are sun-worshippers mediating a new scientific revolution associated with the night dream of post-industrial society. The diseases evoked by these clean machines are no more than the minuscule coding changes of an antigen in the immune system, no more than the experience of stress.The nimble fin- gers of Oriental women, the old fascination of little Anglo-Saxon Victorian girls with dolls houses, womens en laboured attention to the smooth take on quite new dimensions in this world. There efficacy be a cyborg Alice taking account of these new dimensions. Ironically, it cogency be the unnatural cyborg women making chips in Asia and spiral leaping in Santa Rita jail5 whose constructed unities will guide effective oppositional strategies. So my cyborg myth is about transgressed boundaries, potent fusions, and dangerous possibilities which progressive people might looking for for as one pa rt of needed political work.One of my premises is that most American so- cialists and feminists see latelyened dualisms of mind and body, animal and machine, idealism and materialism in the social practices, typic formula- tions, and physical artifacts associated with high technology and scientific culture. FromOne-Dimensional Man(Marcuse, 1964) toThe dying of Nature (Merchant, 1980), the analytic resources developed by progressives have in- sisted on the necessary domination of technics and recalled us to an imag- ined organic body to integrate our resistance.Another of my premises is that the need for unity of people trying to resist worldwide intensification of 121 domination has neer been more acute. But a slightly perverse shift of per- spective might better enable us to contest for meanings, as well as for other forms of power and pleasure in technologically mediated societies. From one perspective, a cyborg world is about the final imposition of a grid of control on the p lanet, about the final abstraction embodied in a Star Wars apocalypse waged in the name of defence, about the final appropri- ation of womens bodies in a masculinist orgy of war (Sofia, 1984).From other perspective, a cyborg world might be about lived social and bodily realities in which people are not afraid of their vocalize kinship with animals and machines, not afraid of permanently partial identities and conflicting stand- points. The political struggle is to see from both perspectives at once because each reveals both dominations and possibilities unimaginable from the other vantage point. Single vision produces worse illusions than branched vision or many-headed monsters.Cyborg unities are monstrous and illegitimate in our present political circumstances, we could hardly hope for more potent myths for resistance and recoupling. I like to imagine LAG, the Livermore Action Group, as a kind of cyborg society, dedicated to realistically converting the laboratories that most f iercely embody and spew out the tools of technological apocalypse, and committed to building a political form that in reality manages to hold together witches, engineers, elders, perverts, Christians, mothers, and Leninists long enough to disarm the state.Fission Impossible is the name of the affinity assembly in my town. (Affinity Related not by alliance but by choice, the appeal of one chemical nuclear group for another, avidity. )6 2. FRACTURED IDENTITIES It has become difficult to name ones feminism by a single adjectiveor raze to insist in every circumstance upon the noun. Consciousness of exclusion through naming is acute. Identities seem contradictory, partial, and strategic. With the hard-won recognition of their social and historical constitution, gen- der, race, and variety cannot provide the basis for belief in essential unity.There is nothing about being female that by nature binds women. There is not even such a state as being female, itself a highly complex cate gory constructed in oppose sexual scientific discussions and other social prac- tices. Gender, race, or class-consciousness is an deed forced on us by the terrible historical experience of the contradictory social realities of patriarchy, colonialism, and capitalism. And who counts as us in my own rhetoric? Which identities are available to ground such a potent political myth called us, and what could motivate enlistment in this collectivity?Painful fragmentation among feminists (not to mention among women) along every possible fault line has made the concept of woman elusive, an excuse for the matrix of womens dominations of each other. For meand for many who grant a similar historical location in white, professional middle-class, female, 122 radical, northward American, mid-adult bodiesthe sources of a crisis in political individuality are legion. The recent history for much of the US left and US femi- nism has been a response to this kind of crisis by endless splitting and se arches for a new essential unity.But there has also been a growing recognition of another response through coalitionaffinity, not individualism. 7 Chela Sandoval (n. d. , 1984), from a consideration of particularised historical mo- ments in the formation of the new political voice called women of color, has theorized a hopeful model of political identity called oppositional conscious- ness, born of the skills for reading webs of power by those refused stable membership in the social categories of race, sex, or class. Women of color, a name contested at its origins by those whom it would incorporate, as well as a historical consciousness marking magisterial breakdown of all the signs of Man in Western traditions, constructs a kind of post-modernist identity out of otherness, difference, and specificity. This post-modernist identity is fully political, whatever might be said abut other possible post-modernisms. Sandovals oppositional consciousness is about contradictory locations a nd heterochronic calendars, not about relativisms and pluralisms.Sandoval emphasizes the lack of any essential measurement for identifying who is a woman of color. She notes that the definition of a group has been by conscious appropriation of negation. For example, a Chicana or US black woman has not been able to speak as a woman or as a black person or as a Chicano. Thus, she was at the bottom of a cascade of negative identities, left out of even the inside oppressed authorial categories called women and blacks, who claimed to make the important revolutions.The category woman negated all non-white women black negated all non-black people, as well as all black women. But there was also no she, no singularity, but a sea of differences among US women who have affirmed their historical identity as US women of color. This identity marks out a self-consciously constructed space that cannot affirm the capacity to act on the basis of natural identification, but only on the basis of consc ious coalition, of affinity, of political kinship. Unlike the woman of some streams of the white womens movement in the United States, there is no naturalization of the matrix, or at least this is what Sandoval argues is unequivocally available through the power of oppositional consciousness. Sandovals argument has to be seen as one potent formulation for feminists out of the worldwide development of anti-colonialist discourse that is to say, discourse dissolution the West and its highest productthe one who is not animal, barbarian, or woman man, that is, the author of a cosmos called history.As orientalism is deconstructed politically and semiotically, the identities of the occident destabilize, including those of feminists. 9 Sandoval argues that women of colour have a chance to build an effective unity that does not replicate the imperializing, totalizing rotatory subjects of previous Marxisms and feminisms which had not faced the consequences of the secret polyphony emerging f rom decolonization. 123 Katie King has emphasized the limits of identification and the politi- cal/poetic mechanism of identification built into reading the poem, that generative core of heathen feminism.King criticizes the persistent tendency among contemporary feminists from different moments or conversations in feminist practice to taxonomize the womens movement to make ones own political tendencies appear to be the telos of the whole. These taxonomies tend to remake feminist history so that it appears to be an ideological strug- gle among coherent types persisting over time, especially those typical units called radical, liberal, and socialist-feminist. Literally, all other feminisms are either incorporated or marginalized, usually by building an explicit ontol- ogy and epistemology. 0 Taxonomies of feminism produce epistemologies to police deviation from official womens experience. And of course, womens culture, like women of color, is consciously created by mechanisms inducin g affinity. The rituals of poetry, music, and certain forms of academic practice have been pre-eminent. The politics of race and culture in the US womens movements are intimately interwoven. The common achievement of King and Sandoval is learning how to craft a poetic/political unity without relying on a logic of appropriation, incorporation, and taxonomic identification.The theoretical and practical struggle against unity-through-domination or unity-throughincorporation ironically not only undermines the justifications for patriarchy, colonialism, humanism, positivism, essentialism, scientism, and other unlamented -isms, but all claims for an organic or natural stand- point. I think that radical and socialist/Marxist-feminisms have also under- mined their/our own epistemological strategies and that this is a crucially valuable step in imagining possible unities. It remains to be seen whether all epistemologies as Western political people have known them fail us in the task to build effective affinities.It is important to note that the effort to construct rotatory point of views, epistemologies as achievements of people committed to changing the world, has been part of the process display the limits of identification. The acid tools of post-modernist theory and the constructive tools of ontological discourse about revolutionary subjects might be seen as ironic allies in dis work out West- ern selves in the interests of survival. We are excruciatingly conscious of what it means to have a historically constituted body. But with the loss of innocence in our origin, there is no expulsion from the Garden either.Our politics lose the self-indulgence of guilt with the naivet ? e of innocence. But what would an- other political myth for socialist-feminism look like? What kind of politics could embrace partial, contradictory, permanently unclosed constructions of personal and bodied selves and still be faithful, effectiveand, ironically, socialist-feminist? I do not know of any other time in history when there was great need for political unity to confront effectively the dominations of race, gender, sexuality, and class. I also do not know of any other time when the kind of unity we might swear out build could have been possible.None of us have 124 any longer the symbolic or material capability of dictating the shape of reality to any of them. Or at least we cannot claim innocence from practicing such dominations. White women, including socialist-feminists, discovered the non-innocence of the category woman. That consciousness changes the geography of all previous categories it denatures them as heat denatures a fragile protein. Cyborg feminists have to argue that we do not want any more natural matrix of unity and that no construction is whole. Innocence, and the corollary insistence on victimhood as the only ground for nsight, has done enough damage. But the constructed revolutionary subject must give late 20th-century people pause as well. In the fraying of identities and in the reflexive pronoun strategies for constructing them, the possibility opens up for weaving something other than a shroud for the solar day after the apocalypse that so prophetically ends salvation history. Both Marxist/socialist-feminisms and radical feminisms have simultane- ously naturalized and denatured the category woman and consciousness of the social lives of women. Perhaps a schematic caricature can high spot both kinds of moves.Marxian-socialism is rooted in an analysis of wage labor which reveals class structure. The consequence of the wage relationship is systematic alienation, as the worker is dissociated from his sic product. Ab- straction and illusion rule in knowledge, domination rules in practice. Labor is the pre-eminently privileged category enabling the Marxist to overcome illusion and find that point of view which is necessary for changing the world. Labor is the humanizing action at law that makes man labor is an o ntological category permitting the knowledge of a subject, and so the knowledge of seduction and alienation.In faithful filiation, socialist-feminism is advanced by allying itself with the basic analytic strategies of Marxism. The main achievement of both Marxist- feminists and socialist-feminists was to expand the category of labor to ac- commodate what (some) women did, even when the wage relation was subor- dinated to a more comprehensive view of labor under capitalistic patriarchy. In particular, womens labor in the household and womens activity as mothers generally (that is, reproduction in the socialist-feminist sense), entered theory on the trust of analogy to the Marxian concept of labor.The unity of women here rests on an epistemology based on the ontological structure of labor. Marxist/socialist-feminism does not naturalize unity it is a pos- sible achievement based on a possible standpoint rooted in social relations. The essentializing move is in the ontological structu re of labor or of its ana- logue, womens activity. 11 The inheritance of Marxian-humanism, with its pre-eminently Western self, is the difficulty for me. The contribution from these formulations has been the emphasis on the daily responsibility of real women o build unities, rather than to naturalize them. Catherine MacKinnons (1982, 1987) version of radical feminism is itself a caricature of the appropriating, incorporating, totalizing tendencies of Western theories of identity grounding action. 12 It is factually and politically wrong to 125 assimilate all of the versatile moments or conversations in recent womens politics named radical feminism to MacKinnons version. But the teleological logic of her theory shows how an epistemology and ontologyincluding their negationserase or police difference.Only one of the effects of MacKinnons theory is the rewriting of the history of the polymorphous field called radical feminism. The major effect is the production of a theory of experien ce, of womens identity, that is a kind of apocalypse for all revolutionary standpoints. That is, the totalization built into this tale of radical feminism achieves its endthe unity of womenby enforcing the experience of and testimony to radical non-being. As for the Marxist/socialist-feminist, consciousness is an achievement, not a natural fact.And MacKinnons theory eliminates some of the difficulties built into humanist revolutionary subjects, but at the cost of radical reductionism. MacKinnon argues that feminism inescapably adopted a different analyti- cal strategy from Marxism, looking first not at the structure of class, but at the structure of sex/gender and its generative relationship, mens constitution and appropriation of women sexually. Ironically, MacKinnons ontology constructs a non-subject, a non-being. Anothers desire, not the selfs labor, is the origin of woman.She therefore develops a theory of consciousness that enforces what can count as womens experienceanything that names sexual violation, indeed, sex itself as far as women can be concerned. Fem- inist practice is the construction of this form of consciousness that is, the self-knowledge of a self-who-is-not. Perversely, sexual appropriation in this feminism still has the epistemolog- ical status of labor that is to say, the point from which an analysis able to contribute to changing the world must flow. But sexual objectification, not alienation, is the consequence of the structure of sex/ gender.In the realm of knowledge, the result of sexual objectification is illusion and abstraction. However, a woman is not simply alienated from her product, but in a deep sense does not exist as a subject, or even potential subject, since she owes her existence as a woman to sexual appropriation. To be constituted by anothers desire is not the very(prenominal) thing as to be alienated in the violent separation of the laborer from his product. MacKinnons radical theory of experience is totalizing in the extreme it does not so much marginalize as obliterate the business office of any other womens political speech and action.It is a totalization producing what West- ern patriarchy itself never succeeded in doingfeminists consciousness of the non-existence of women, except as products of mens desire. I think MacKinnon correctly argues that no Marxian version of identity can firmly ground womens unity. But in solving the problem of the contradictions of any Western revolutionary subject for feminist purposes, she develops an even more authoritarian doctrine of experience. If my complaint about social- ist/Marxian standpoints is their unintended expunction of polyvocal, unassimil- able, radical difference made visible in anti-colonial discourse and practice, 126

Nike Ppt

Greeks say when we go to battle and win,we say it is NIKE INTRODUCTION TO NIKE Est. in 1960 in Oregon Phil knight and Bowerman- founder Started small and now has covered U. S and international markets Nike is now one of the biggest mfd. Of the world BACKGROUND Most of the factories are located in Asia including Indonesia,China,Taiwan,India Thailand,Veitnam,Pakistan ,Philippines and Malaysia Nike outsourcing contracts around 500 factories in 45 countries. Nike currently controls more than 45% of the US sportswear market.Background cont. The company initially operated as a distributor for Japanese shoe maker Onitsuka Tiger, making around sales at track meets out of Knights automobile. The companys profits grew quickly, and in 1966, BRS unresolved its first retail store, located on Pico Boulevard in Santa Monica, California. By 1971, the relationship between BRS and Onitsuka Tiger was nearing an end. ANALYSIS OF CASE STUDY baby labour Not satisfying customer needs Ignora nce of mkt. trends AccusationsIn 1996-1997, Nike was accused of agitate violations and human rights abuses in foreign countries (mainly Asian). Contrary Evidences Thousands of mostly young, female workers in sou-east Asia (Indonesia, Vietnam, China) were being exposed to reproductive toxins and suspected carcinogens. Some workers were not earning a living wage even though they work often 12 to 14 hours per day. Nike workers in Southeast Asia have suffered corporal penalty and corporal abuse. Nike young female workers have suffered sexual harassment. Nike workers in Southeast Asia have been forced to work overtime in violation of applicable laws. Core issue of Nike NIKE PRATICES CHILD LABOUR Children are not tho the easiest to intimidate, theyre also the cheapest workers. Twelve-year-old Tariq, one of thousands employed in Pakistans soccer thump industry, which produces quintuplet million balls a year for the U. S. market, stitches leather pieces in Mahotra. He earns 60 c ents a ball, and it takes most of a day to make one (Schanberg, 1996 38).Silgi is only three. Her hands are so tiny she cant handle a scissors. scarce she started stitching soccer balls recently to help her mother and four sisters. unitedly they earn 75 cents a day working in their hutch home in Jullundur, India (Sidebar to Life Magazine Story, p 41 spirit There is a photo (Source) of a young girl polished in town and soiled clothing next to the soccer ball clutching a needle and thread. The needle is longer than her fingers. CONSEQUENCES Nike executives have been targets at usual place Students have pressed administrators and athletic directors to ban products that have been do under sweatshop conditions In 2002 an individual sued Nike, alleging that the company knowingly made inconclusive and misleading statements in its denial of direct participation in disgraceful labor conditions abroad. REMEDIES Nike defended, through corporate news releases, full-page ads in stu dy newspapers, and letters to editors Nike gave $1. million to the Washington D. C. based Fair Labor familiarity (FLA) In 2003, company employed 86 compliance officer tho stigma of past practices remains emblazoned on its image and brand name. Nikes Responses Nike responded with Press releases Letters to the newspaper Personal letters to university presidents and athletic directors Campus Visits nonparasitic audit of factories Speak at conferences COMPILED BY AKRITI JHA DEEPTI SINGH TRIPTI SINGH